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- $Unique_ID{BRK04156}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic}
- $Subject{Purpura Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Hemorrhagica Werlhof
- disease ITP}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 258:
- Purpura, Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic
- Purpura) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Purpura Hemorrhagica
- Werlhof disease
- ITP
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or
- treatment purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this
- disorder, please contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed
- in the "Resources" section of this report.
-
-
- Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is characterized by a lack of a
- certain type of blood cell, called platelets (thrombocytopenia) without a
- readily apparent cause or underlying disease. The disorder is characterized
- by abnormal bleeding into the skin. Bleeding from mucous membranes also
- occurs, and may subsequently result in anemia.
-
- Symptoms
-
- ITP is characterized by a lack of platelets (thrombocytes) which causes
- bleeding into the skin. The typical symptoms appear as red spots the size of
- pinpoints (petechiae) or small hemorrhagic spots (ecchymoses). Bleeding from
- the mucous membranes also occurs, including nosebleeds (epistaxis),
- gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding, and vaginal bleeding. Bleeding
- into the Central Nervous System is an uncommon symptom as is bleeding into
- joints (hemarthrosis). As a result of excessive bleeding, anemia may
- develop, producing weakness, fatigue or signs of congestive heart failure.
- Fever and slight enlargement of the spleen may also occur.
-
- Causes
-
- Although no specific cause for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura has been
- identified, an acute viral infection occasionally precedes the symptoms.
- Current evidence supports an immunologic basis, since most patients have
- antiplatelet antibodies that are identifiable. Bone marrow samples acquired
- by aspiration reveal abundant giant cells which produce platelets
- (megakaryocytes) that often appear inactive or nonproductive.
-
- Affected Population
-
- ITP occurs most frequently in children and young adults, and more frequently
- in females than in males. Pregnant women with lupus are especially
- susceptible to ITP.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Thrombocytopenia is a general term referring to a decreased amount of
- platelets (thrombocytes) which may be due to a failure of platelet production
- in the blood. ITP is only one form of thrombocytopenia.
-
- Purpura is the most common symptom of a vascular bleeding disorder,
- manifested by increased bruising and vascular fragility.
-
- Allergic Purpura is an acute or chronic inflammation of the blood vessels
- (vasculitis) primarily affecting the skin, the joints, the gastrointestinal
- and kidney (renal) systems. Purpura (red/purple color of the skin) results
- from the effusion of blood and plasma into surfaces under the skin, mucous
- membranes and under serous membranes.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- About 15% of patients with ITP respond well to corticosteroids
- (hydrocortisone, or its equivalent, prednisone). Removal of the spleen
- (splenectomy) can achieve a remission in 50 to 60% of those who fail to
- respond to steroids or who fail to maintain a remission when steroids are
- discontinued. Treatment with immunosuppressor drugs such as cyclophosphamide
- and azathioprine, has been used effectively in some cases that did not
- respond to steroids and splenectomy. Vincristine can sometimes be
- therapeutic. Platelet concentrates can be administered for control of
- bleeding until more specific therapy takes effect. The short survival of
- platelets in this disorder, however, limits the usefulness of platelet
- transfusions.
-
- A new form of gammaglobulin (immunoglobulin) has been approved by the FDA
- for intravenous treatment of ITP. The drug may be used for short periods of
- time in patients (particularly children) who have the acute form of the
- disorder. The chronic form of ITP may require ongoing treatment with
- immunoglobulin, usually through monthly intravenous infusions.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Defibrotide is an investigational orphan drug being tested for treatment of
- Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. It is available on an experimental
- basis from Crinos International in Italy. In addition, patients risk
- development of an immune reaction to repeated platelet transfusions.
-
- Anti-D immune globulin has shown good response as a treatment in children
- with ITP. The product is less expensive and has fewer side effects than
- other treatments. More testing is needed to determine the long-term safety
- and effectiveness of the product.
-
- Recent studies have shown that combination chemotherapy is beneficial in
- some affected individuals in whom ITP is refractory to therapy such as
- corticosteroids and splenectomy.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- May 1993. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 1050-1.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. P. 1159.
-
- COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY IN REFRACTORY IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA.
- M. Figueroa, et al.; The New England Journal of Medicine (April 29, 1993,
- issue 328 (17)). Pp. 1226-29.
-
-